How to Test a Four Terminal Relay

A 4 terminal relay is used so a low power circuit may engage a high power circuit without risk of damage to the low power control circuit. For example, a low power circuit in a car that commands the high power headlights to come on would send the command through a 4 terminal relay. Use these tips to learn how to test a 4 terminal relay.

EditSteps

1. 
   1
   Find and remove the relay. The relay should not be tested while it is connected to the circuit. The relay is typically located in a place where larger electric parts are placed. In a car, this is likely a relay or fuse box. Use your fingers to unplug the relay from the socket in which it is placed.
   • Note the relay position. The positioning and polarity of relays and fuses should be printed on the inside of the relay box or fuse box cover. Note the position of the relay that was removed so that it may be replaced in the proper position and orientation.

Working of Relays

What is a relay?

We know that most of the high end industrial application devices have relays for their effective working. Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically. Relays consist of a n electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for its working. But they differ according to their applications. Most of the devices have the application of relays.

Why is a relay used?

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another destination. After the invention of computers they were also used to perform Boolean and other logical operations. The high end applications of relays require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.

TAKE A LOOK : TYPES OF RELAYS

TAKE A LOOK : HOW TO TEST A RELAY

Relay Design

There are only four main parts in a relay. They are

• Electromagnet
• Movable Armature
• Switch point contacts
• Spring

The figures given below show the actual design of a simple relay.

Relay Construction

It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A path of very low reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature and also the switch point contacts.  The movable armature is connected to the yoke which is mechanically connected to the switch point contacts. These parts are safely held with the help of a spring. The spring is used so as to produce an air gap in the circuit when the relay becomes de-energized.

How relay works?

The working of a relay can be better understood by explaining the following diagram given below.

Relay Design

volkswagen jetta 2009

Auto body Dimensions for my friend Tayyab

EFI Electronics and Sensors Diagram

electronic fuel injection (EFI) system engine maintenance

The following tips about EFI auto parts:
1. When the engine note when the indicator text / image "Check Engine" on the instrument panel (depending on car brand) remains on after the engine life for a few seconds, immediately contact your mechanic;

The Future of the Internal-Combustion Engine

Carlos Ghosn, the CEO of Nissan and Renault, has proclaimed that battery-powered vehicles will account for 10 percent of global new-car sales by 2020. Mr. Ghosn, of course, is planning to introduce at least four electric cars in the next three years. Independent analysts, however, such as Tim Urquhart of IHS Global Insight, believe that battery-powered vehicles will remain at less than one percent of the new-car mix in 2020.

DAE(1st, 2nd & 3rd year), First Annual Examination 2013

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How to Drive a Car With an Automatic Transmission

1. 1
   Unlock the vehicle and climb into the driver's seat.
   
   
   

Wirelessly Powered Electric Busses Launched in South Korea

KAIST, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology has established an Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) system. It is an electric vehicle which is provided energy by the road while stationary or moving. The power is supplied to such electric vehicles by the cables fixed in the road. A permanent direct connection is not needed by these cables in order to charge the vehicle. As an alternative, a magnetic field is created which is converted into electrical energy by the devices carried on the bus.  Lots of components that are present in almost every electric vehicle currently, for instance, heavy batteries, overhead trolley lines are left out due to this particular feature. In addition to this, these busses are not required to stop for recharging. The limited range is a drawback of these vehicles as they cannot ride on the side of the road that supports them.

History of Humanoid Robots In Pictures 1868-1970

Robots have always fascinated us. Although a robot can be any electro-mechanical machine, guided by computer circuitry or electronics, a human like machine is the picture we see in our brains when we hear the word “robot”. Today we have compiled a short History of Humanoid Robots In Pictures from 1868-1970.

1. From 1868. This is what started what will be the downfall of humans. “Zadoc P. Dederick, along with Isaac Grass, was the creator of a steam-powered humanlike robot designed to pull a cart.”

Now You Can Own A Personal Flying Car

How many of you are fans of Harry Potter? We bet most of you are! The novel has been written so perfectly that one can’t just stop reading it. Remember the cover picture for the second part of the series? That flying car which belonged to the Weasley’s was quite the attraction.  Whoa! Science and technology are making things possible taken right out of wizard world. So, who is providing these fantastic cars?  We have a Massachusetts company; Terrafugia, known for their invention of a plane that can be converted into a car and driven back home straight from the runway by pilots. The wings of the plane fold up, once it lands onto the runway. The idea was quite intriguing for pilots. However, this time around Terrafugia is working on something different; the TF-X. Those of you who are ‘sherlock-ish’ would have guessed by now that the new project Terrafugia is working on is a flying car.

The 2014 Jaguar F-Type V8 S

Amazing Flying Car Unveiled At Hyundai Annual Idea Festival

Flying Bikes Now A Reality

Some Of The Best Custom Car Dashboards Ever!

Buying a good car is everyone’s dream. For some, it doesn’t just stop there. They also want to customize their cars so that it looks more “personal” and reflects the taste of the person driving it. Usually car enthusiasts start with modifications to the engine such as installing engine upgrades for greater acceleration. Car Hobbyists that are not comfortable with making changes to the engine or people who dont have deep pockets, start with making changes to exterior and the visual appearance of the car.

However, recently a new trend has emerged within car lovers. People are now customizing the dashboards of their cars by adding more gadgets, lcd screens, control buttons and what not. This has been made possible by a plethora of new car gadgets and gizmos that are now available in the markets at affordable prices. Not only do these customizations look super cool if done rightly, they also give more control and functionality to the drivers. Today we have a collection of some of the best custom car dashboards that we came across. Let us know your favourite dashboard modification in the comments below and also share your own dash modifications if you are into this too!

This Car Modification Could Be The Next Trend In Dubai

Engineering and science are also playing their part at places where we least expect them. Ever been to a custom shop? They are a fantastic example of where creativity meets science and engineering; one such example is the collection of best custom car dashboards, we recently covered. Today’s article is about a particular custom shop; Kingdom Customs Garage and what Ali has done with a car there.

DAE Result

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Combustion Types

The picture shows a clear view and working of a steam engine.

The VOLVO V16 ENGINE

MULTIPLE VALVE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS:-

The power any engine produces is directly related to the amount of air–fuel mixture ignited in the cylinder. Increasing displacement is a common method of increasing engine power.

Turbo charging and supercharging also increase engine power, but these increase engine cost as well. 
Adding more than two valves per cylinder permits more gas to flow into and out with greater velocity without excessive valve duration. 
The maximum amount of gas moving through the opening area of a valve depends on the distance around the valve and the degree to which it lifts open. 
More total area under is possible when two
smaller valves, rather than one larger valve,
are used at the same valve lift. Smaller
valves allow smooth low-speed operation.

The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World!

The Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine is the most powerful and most efficient prime-mover in the world today. The Aioi Works of Japan's Diesel United, Ltd built the first engines and is where some of these pictures were taken. It is available in 6 through 14 cylinder versions, all are inline engines. These engines were designed primarily for very large container ships. Ship owners like a single engine/single propeller design and the new generation of larger container ships needed a bigger engine to propel them. The cylinder bore is just under 38" and the stroke is just over 98". Each cylinder displaces 111,143 cubic inches (1820 liters) and produces 7780 horsepower. Total displacement comes out to 1,556,002 cubic inches (25,480 liters) for the fourteen cylinder version.

Some facts on the 14 cylinder version:

Total engine weight: 2300 tons (The crankshaft alone weighs 300 tons.)

Length: 89 feet

Height: 44 feet

Maximum power: 108,920 hp at 102 rpm

Maximum torque: 5,608,312 lb/ft at 102rpm

Fuel consumption at maximum power is 0.278 lbs per hp per hour (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) . Fuel consumption at maximum economy is 0.260 lbs/hp/hour. At maximum economy the engine exceeds 50% thermal efficiency. That is, more than 50% of the energy in the fuel in converted to motion. For comparison, most automotive and small aircraft engines have BSFC figures in the 0.40-0.60 lbs/hp/hr range and 25-30% thermal efficiency range. Even at its most efficient power setting, the big 14 consumes 1,660 gallons of heavy fuel oil per hour. A cross section of the RTA96C


directly to the piston. The top of the connecting rod attaches to a "crosshead" which rides in guide channels. A long piston rod then connects the crosshead to the piston. I assume this is done so the the sideways forces produced by the connecting rod are absorbed by the crosshead and not by the piston. Those sideways forces are what makes the cylinders in an auto engine get oval-shaped over time. Installing the "thin-shell" bearings. Crank & rod journals are 38" in diameter and 16" wide.

understand dashboard lights

Comparison of the Operation of a Typical Jet Engine and a Four Stroke Internal Combustion Engine.

Diesel Engine Technical details:

The design of Diesel engine is mostly alike the one of the petrol engine – both have pistons, cylinders, valves. But the ignition system in Diesel engines is lack in principle. Instead of the usual spark in Diesel engines the fuel-air mixture is ignited by high temperature of the compressed air. Let’s review the Diesel engine operating principle.

The Diesel engine operating scheme
1-th stroke. The piston is moving down till lower dead point and the fresh air is blown from intake valve.

2-th stroke. The piston is moving up till upper dead point and the air in the cylinder is compressed multiple times (14 up to 25) and its temperature raises up to 700-800 C.

3-th stroke. At the moment the pistol reaches the upper dead point the fuel is injected into cylinder. Combustion act. The fuel-air mixture is expands and the piston is going down.

4-th stroke. The piston is going down, and gases are exhausted throw the open exhaust valve.

The fuel in the cylinder ignites with rapid pressure jump that makes the engine to work noisy and with vibration. To preserve the operation safety on the required level the Diesel engine is designed much more durable than the petrol engine. More durability assumes more heavy-weighted.

The fuel supply system of Diesel engine also differs from the petrol-powered engine. The first thing to say it is more complicated. The fuel in the combustion chamber should be injected under high pressure and it is very minor in volume. The engine is controlled by the electronic unit, which controls the fuel pump and the injector according to data get from sensors. That kind of design makes the engine much more expensive.

Inside Nuclear Power Plant 'Isar 2'.

Ford supercharged mod motor

World's First Automobile

Developed by Karl Benz, this was a tri-wheeler, having one cylinder two stroke gasoline engine roaming the streets in 1879. 

Karl Benz later formed a company which we know by the name of Mercedes-Benz.

Rotary combustion engine

Lexus's 2054 concept car . . . !!

A spark plug

A spark plug (sometimes in British English a sparking plug, colloquially a plug) is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine.

leaf spring suspension of a TATA truck .

clutch assembly of bajaj champion . . Here clutch plates are weard

The crankshaft :)

Sometimes abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine that translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation.
To convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crankpins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder attach.
It typically connects to a flywheel and to reduce the pulsation characteristic of the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or vibrational damper at the opposite end, to reduce the torsional vibrations often caused along the length of the crankshaft by the cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the torsional elasticity of the metal.

Internal Combustion Engine

Cooling: Why Cooling is required in Internal Combustion Engine?

It has been practically found that out of total heat generated by internal combustion engine due to combustion of fuel, only 30% of heat is converted in useful work, out of remaining 70% about 40 % is carried by exhaust gases into the atmosphere during exhaust stroke. The rest of 30% must be passed to atmosphere by some suitable arrangement.
Here we find the necessity of cooling. In addition to overheating, large temperature differences may lead to distortion of the engine components due to set up of thermal stresses. If the cooling system is not provided to internal combustion engine, the lubricating oil film would break down and the lubricating oil will decompose to give gummy and carbon deposits.

AUTOMOTIVE DYNAMICS & DESIGNING

Audi TT

Turbocharger:-

A turbocharger, or turbo is a forced induction device used to allow more power to be produced by an engine of a given size.A turbocharged engine can be more powerful and efficient than a naturally aspirated engine because the turbine forces more air, and proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber than atmospheric pressure alone.

The Amazing Suspension Of Mercedes Truck!

Jaguar E-X50 Rendering

Types of Gears

Steam Engine

Jet engine:-

It is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet which generates thrust by jet propulsion with accordance to Newtons laws of motion.

jimflowerllc_142_engine